Quick Links: Table of Contents
- Glen of Imaal Terrier Versus Pomeranian: Introduction
- Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian: Overview
- Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian: Comparison Table
- The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian
- The Similarities Between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian
- Size (Weight and Height) of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
- Lifespan of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
- Temperament of the Glen of Imaal Terrier Versus the Pomeranian
- Adopting the Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Adopting the Pomeranian
- The Popularity of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Popularity of Pomeranian
- Health Problems of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Health Problems of Pomeranian
- Tolerates Being Alone: Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
- Do Glen of Imaal Terriers shed more than Pomeranians?
- Which one drools more, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian
- Which is Easier to Groom, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian?
- Does the Glen of Imaal Terrier Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Pomeranian?
- Do Glen of Imaal Terriers Bark and Howl? What about Pomeranians?
- Can Glen of Imaal Terriers Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Pomeranians Tolerate Cold Weather?
- Wanderlust Potential: Glen of Imaal Terrier vs. Pomeranian
- Can Glen of Imaal Terriers Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Pomeranians Tolerate Hot Weather?
- Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian?
- Are Glen of Imaal Terriers good family dogs? What about Pomeranians?
- How Kid-friendly are Glen of Imaal Terriers and Pomeranians?
- Is the Glen of Imaal Terrier Easier to Train than the Pomeranian?
- Other Dog Breeds That are Similar to the Glen of Imaal Terrier
- Other Dog Breeds That are Similar to the Pomeranian
- Other Breed Comparisons that Might Interest You
- Conclusion: Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian. Which One is a Better Pet?
Glen of Imaal Terrier Versus Pomeranian: Introduction
Are you thinking of getting a new pet dog, and you have narrowed down your choices to the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian? Well, you have come to the right place. Because in this article, we will provide you with a detailed comparison of these two dog breeds to help you decide which of the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian better suits you.
We will provide you a detailed discussion and comparison of dog attributes such as intelligence, price, general health, friendliness, etc, for both the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian.
Furthermore, we will let you know which one of the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian is better suited for new dog owners, for owners with kids, for owners that live in apartments, for owners with dog allergies, etc.
Importantly, we did some analysis and calculation and we obtained a number that we call the Better-Pet Score™ for both the Glen of Imaal Terrier and for the Pomeranian. The dog breed with the higher Better-Pet score is the `better` pet. We hope that these Better-Pet Scores will provide you with more insight into deciding which pet to get between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian.
Our only goal here is to help you make a well-thought-out decision on your next long-term companion, be it the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian.
Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian: Overview
Both the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are similar in size. The Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are both tiny-sized dogs.
Furthermore, the Glen of Imaal Terrier belongs to the Terrier Dogs group. Terrier Dogs were originally bred to go underground to hunt rodents and other small wild animals (vermin). Terriers come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, but all terriers are energetic, highly intelligent, and territorial. Terries also have the tendency to escape. They require a securely fenced yard.
On the other hand, the Pomeranian belongs to the Companion Dogs group. Companion Dogs were bred to be companions for humans. Their main goal in life is to be with people, and they will be very sad if left to themselves for long hours day after day.
Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian: Comparison Table
The table below compares the Glen of Imaal Terrier to the Pomeranian based on different important factors such as Price, Health, Kid-friendliness, etc.
When a dog breed scores higher for a factor than the other dog breed, the box of the breed that scores higher is shaded green and the box of the breed that scores lower is shaded red. When there is no difference between the breeds for a particular factor then the box is shaded gray for both pets. Also, when the factor is not important in picking a pet, or when the factor cannot be compared between two pets, the box for the factor is shaded gray for both pets
Most of the factors in the table for each dog breed are ranked on a scale of 1 to 5. “1” means “worst”, and “5” means “best”.
However, some factors such as “Price”, “Average Lifespan”, etc. cannot be on a scale of 1 to 5, so they are not on a scale of 1 to 5 in the comparison table.
Later in this article, we will further explain each factor as it applies to the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian
| Factor | Glen of Imaal Terrier | Pomeranian |
|---|---|---|
| Does NOT Shed | 5/5 | 2/5 |
| Does NOT Drool | 5/5 | 5/5 |
| Height | 12 to 14 inches tall at the shoulder | 7 to 12 inches tall at the shoulder |
| Life Span | 12 to 15 years | 12 to 16 years |
| Good For Novice Owners | 2/5 | 4/5 |
| Dog Friendly | 2/5 | 2/5 |
| Easygoing | 3/5 | 2/5 |
| Tolerates Being Alone | 3/5 | 1/5 |
| Tolerates Cold Weather | 3/5 | 4/5 |
| Friendly Toward Strangers | 3/5 | 3/5 |
| Potential NOT to Gain Weight | 3/5 | 2/5 |
| Does NOT chew on things | 3/5 | 4/5 |
| Tendency NOT to Wander | 3/5 | 5/5 |
| Adapts Well To Apartment Living | 4/5 | 4/5 |
| Tolerates Hot Weather | 4/5 | 2/5 |
| Easy To Train | 4/5 | 4/5 |
| Intelligence | 4/5 | 4/5 |
| Does NOT Bark or Howl | 2/5 | 1/5 |
| NOT Rambunctious | 2/5 | 3/5 |
| Minimal Exercise Needs | 2/5 | 4/5 |
| Potential For Playfulness | 4/5 | 3/5 |
| Affectionate With Family | 5/5 | 5/5 |
| Kid-Friendly | 5/5 | 2/5 |
| Easy To Groom | 5/5 | 2/5 |
| General Health | 5/5 | 3/5 |
| Low Prey Drive | 1/5 | 4/5 |
| Calmness/ Low Vigor | 1/5 | 4/5 |
| Weight | Up to 35 pounds | 3 to 7 pounds |
| Average Lifespan | 13.5 years | 14.0 years |
| Price Range | No Data | $1500 – $2500 |
| Average Price | No Data | $2150 |
| Temperament Score | 66.7 percent | 77.8 percent |
| Common Health Problems and Recommended Health Tests |
|
|
| Popularity out of 200 Dog Breeds | 168 | 21 |
Next, we added the scores of the factors that can be added together for the Glen of Imaal Terrier in the table (that is, `Ease of Grooming` score + `General Health` score + `Calmness` score + …etc) and we compared it to the corresponding total score for the Pomeranian. We call these total scores the Better-Pet Scores, as we mentioned earlier. We called this score the Better-Pet score because the better dog breed will have a higher score. This is because the pet will the higher score will have minimal needs and be easier to have as a pet.
The Better-Pet score for the Glen of Imaal Terrier is 83 out of 125 while the Better-Pet score for the Pomeranian is 79 out of 125.
Based on their Better-Pet scores, the Glen of Imaal Terrier is a better pet than the Pomeranian. So, you should get the Glen of Imaal Terrier!
Although we have done our best to analyze these two dog breeds in a very unbiased way, however, we will like to let you know that there are some dog attributes that cannot be assigned a number for comparison. We cannot put a number on how cute a dog breed is, for example. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Also, the dog breed that best suits you will depend on your peculiar lifestyle, your taste, and your priorities, which we do not know. So, for you to decide on which breed is right for you, read through the rest of the article to further understand both the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian so that you can make your own well-informed decision on which pet to get.
The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian
Below is a list of where the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are most different:
The Similarities Between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian
The Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are very similar in certain aspects. Below is the list of where the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are most similar:
Size (Weight and Height) of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
Now, let us discuss the difference in size between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian.
Glen of Imaal Terriers weigh Up to 35 pounds when fully grown. Glen of Imaal Terriers are 12 to 14 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
On the other hand, Pomeranians weigh 3 to 7 pounds when fully grown. Pomeranians are 7 to 12 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
Lifespan of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
The lifespan of Glen of Imaal Terriers is between 12 to 15 years. The average lifespan of Glen of Imaal Terriers is 13.5 years.
The lifespan of Pomeranians is between 12 to 16 years. The average lifespan of Pomeranians is 14.0 years.
Pomeranians live longer than Glen of Imaal Terriers.
Temperament of the Glen of Imaal Terrier Versus the Pomeranian
The Pomeranian has a better temperament than the Glen of Imaal Terrier.
This is because the temperament score for the Pomeranian is 77.8 percent while the temperament score for the Glen of Imaal Terrier is 66.7 percent, according to the American Temperament Test Society (ATTS).
The American Temperament Test Society (ATTS) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to provide fair and objective evaluations of the temperaments of dog breeds.
Dog breeds with low temperament scores tend to show unprovoked aggression, they easily panic without quickly recovering from the panic, and they tend to avoid people. However, dog breeds with high temperament scores are not aggressive and are not shy. Also, these dogs are generally friendly and are protective of their owners.
The average temperament score across all dog breeds (over 250 breeds) is 83.7 percent.
With its temperament score of 66.7 percent, the Glen of Imaal Terrier has a below-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
With its temperament score of 77.8 percent, the Pomeranian has a below-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
The ATTS obtained the temperament scores of the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian by measuring the temperaments of 3 Glen of Imaal Terriers and 36 Pomeranians.
Adopting the Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Adopting the Pomeranian
You may consider adopting a dog instead of buying a puppy. Many Glen of Imaal Terriers and many Pomeranians are currently available for adoption.
These adorable and cute dogs are waiting in dog shelters hoping that someday someone will rescue them. Furthermore, adoption costs are lesser than the cost of a new puppy. Dog adoption costs are usually around $300. In addition to your local dog shelter, a good place online to see dogs that are available for adoption is petfinder.com.
Below is an adorable Male Glen of Imaal Terrier named Rupert that is currently available for adoption on Petfinder.com. You can find other lovely adoptable Glen of Imaal Terriers like Rupert on pefinder.com.
Also, like Glen of Imaal Terriers, Pomeranians are also available for adoption. For example, Herschel is a Male Pomeranian that is currently available for adoption on petfinder.com. You can find more Pomeranians like Herschel that are up for adoption on petfinder.com.
Also, Pomeranian – Rocco is an adorable Male Pomeranian on petfinder.com that you can adopt.
You can find more Glen of Imaal Terriers and Pomeranians that are available for adoption on petfinder.
The Popularity of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Popularity of Pomeranian
Every year, the American Kennel Club (AKC) publishes information on how popular a dog breed is in that particular year. The AKC gets the popularity information of a breed from how many dogs of that breed the owners register with the AKC every year. The AKC collects this data for about 200 dog breeds. The AKC collects this data for purebred dogs only(no mixed or hybrid dogs).
The graphs and the table below show the popularity of the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian over the years.
Based on the AKC popularity data over the years, the Pomeranian is more popular with dog owners than the Glen of Imaal Terrier. This is because, over the years, the average popularity of the Pomeranian is 21 out of about 200 dog breeds while the average popularity of the Glen of Imaal Terrier is 168 out of about 200 dog breeds.
Popularity of Glen of Imaal Terrier
Popularity of Pomeranian
| Year | Glen of Imaal Terrier Popularity Rank | Pomeranian Popularity Rank |
|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 167 | 19 |
| 2014 | 162 | 20 |
| 2015 | 168 | 21 |
| 2016 | 180 | 22 |
| 2017 | 158 | 22 |
| 2018 | 174 | 23 |
| 2019 | 168 | 24 |
| 2020 | 169 | 23 |
Health Problems of Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Health Problems of Pomeranian
Every dog breed has its own set of health problems that it has a tendency to develop. There is nothing like a perfect dog breed.
Both the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian are prone to certain genetic health conditions. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is the organization that keeps track of health problems in dogs. Based on the extensive records that the OFA keeps, the OFA knows what health problems each dog breed is naturally prone to develop. Hence, the OFA recommends which health screening that breeders should perform on a dog breed to make sure that the breeders won`t breed `defective` dog parents that can pass down defective genes to their puppy offspring.
The more health problems a dog breed is prone to develop, the more health tests the OFA will recommend for that dog breed.
Based on our review of OFA records, we found that the Pomeranian is prone to more genetic health problems than the Glen of Imaal Terrier.
This is because the OFA recommends more screening health tests for the Pomeranian than for the Glen of Imaal Terrier.
4 health tests are recommended for Glen of Imaal Terrier while 6 tests are recommended for the Pomeranian.
Below is a detailed discussion of health problems in Glen of Imaal Terriers and in Pomeranians.
Glen of Imaal Terrier Health Problems
Glen of Imaal Terriers are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Glen of Imaal Terrier puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Glen of Imaal Terrier puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Glen of Imaal Terrier breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Glen of Imaal Terriers for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Glen of Imaal Terriers here.
Pomeranian Health Problems
Pomeranians are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Pomeranian puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Pomeranian puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Pomeranian breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Pomeranians for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Pomeranians here.
More Discussions on Health Problems in Glen of Imaal Terriers and Pomeranians
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Glen of Imaal Terrier Breed is Cone Rod Dystrophy problems.
This is because the Glen of Imaal Terrier ranks 1 out of 2 dog breeds for Cone Rod Dystrophy problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 356 Glen of Imaal Terriers, 7 of them had Cone Rod Dystrophy problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Glen of Imaal Terriers, and how common these diseases are in Glen of Imaal Terriers relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Pomeranian Breed is Patella problems.
This is because the Pomeranian ranks 1 out of 145 dog breeds for Patella problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 1542 Pomeranians, 456 of them had Patella problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Pomeranians, and how common these diseases are in Pomeranians relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
The table below lists the common health problems in Glen of Imaal Terrier and in Pomeranian and the rank (prevalence), compared to other dogs, of these health problems in the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian:
| Disease | Glen of Imaal Terrier Rank | Pomeranian Rank |
|---|---|---|
| Cone Rod Dystrophy problems | 1 out of 2 dog breeds | Not Common |
| Hips problems | 25 out of 198 dog breeds | 75 out of 198 dog breeds |
| Elbow problems | 37 out of 144 dog breeds | Not Common |
| Eyes problems | 45 out of 182 dog breeds | 171 out of 182 dog breeds |
| Patella problems | Not Common | 1 out of 145 dog breeds |
| Congenital Cardiac problems | Not Common | 49 out of 159 dog breeds |
| Thyroid problems | Not Common | 89 out of 115 dog breeds |
*To learn more about each of these diseases, go to OFA.org and search for the disease.
Again, most of these health problems can be prevented through health screening. Responsible breeders screen male and female dog parents for genetic problems. These breeders will only breed dogs that are free of genetic defects. That way, there is little or no chance that their puppies will grow up to have genetic health problems. Always ask a breeder for the list of health tests the breeder screens their dogs for before buying a puppy from such a breeder.
Tolerates Being Alone: Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian
Glen of Imaal Terriers can be left alone only for a short time.
Pomeranians do not like to be left alone.
Do Glen of Imaal Terriers shed more than Pomeranians?
Glen of Imaal Terriers do not shed a lot. They are good for people with dog allergies.
Pomeranians shed. They are not recommended for people with dog allergies.
Which one drools more, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian
Glen of Imaal Terriers do have a very low tendency to drool.
Pomeranians do have a very low tendency to drool.
Which is Easier to Groom, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers are very easy to groom.
Pomeranians require a lot of grooming and they are not very easy to groom.
Does the Glen of Imaal Terrier Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers have a high prey drive. They have the tendency to chase after smaller animals and pets. They do not get along well with other pets.
Pomeranians have a very low prey drive. This means they get won`t chase after smaller pets. They tend to get along well with other pets.
Do Glen of Imaal Terriers Bark and Howl? What about Pomeranians?
Glen of Imaal Terriers are highly vocal. They have the tendency to bark and howl.
Pomeranians are highly vocal. They have the tendency to bark and howl.
Can Glen of Imaal Terriers Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Pomeranians Tolerate Cold Weather?
Glen of Imaal Terriers can moderately tolerate cold weather.
Pomeranians can very well tolerate cold weather.
Wanderlust Potential: Glen of Imaal Terrier vs. Pomeranian
Glen of Imaal Terriers have a moderate tendency to wander. This means that they sometimes get distracted by other animals or objects.
Pomeranians do not have the potential to wander after things that capture their attention. They tend to stay around where you leave them.
Can Glen of Imaal Terriers Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Pomeranians Tolerate Hot Weather?
Glen of Imaal Terriers can tolerate hot weather.
Pomeranians cannot tolerate hot weather. They are not suited for hot environments.
Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers do not get along well with other dogs.
Pomeranians do not get along well with other dogs.
Are Glen of Imaal Terriers good family dogs? What about Pomeranians?
Glen of Imaal Terriers are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
Pomeranians are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
How Kid-friendly are Glen of Imaal Terriers and Pomeranians?
Glen of Imaal Terriers get along well with kids. They are kid-friendly.
Pomeranians do not get along well with kids. They are not kid-friendly.
Is the Glen of Imaal Terrier Easier to Train than the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers are very easy to train.
Pomeranians are very easy to train.
Is the Glen of Imaal Terrier Better for Apartment Owners than the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers adapt very well to apartment living.
Pomeranians adapt very well to apartment living.
Which is Better for New Dog Owners, the Glen of Imaal Terrier or the Pomeranian?
Glen of Imaal Terriers are not the best dogs for new dog owners.
Pomeranians are very good for new dog owners.
Other Dog Breeds That are Similar to the Glen of Imaal Terrier
Furthermore, there are other dog breeds that are very similar to the Glen of Imaal Terrier that you can consider on your quest to get the best pet.
We crunched the numbers and found that the following dog breeds have similar personality and temperament as the Glen of Imaal Terrier:
Other Dog Breeds That are Similar to the Pomeranian
Furthermore, there are other dog breeds that are very similar to the Pomeranian that you can consider on your quest to get the best pet.
We crunched the numbers and found that the following dog breeds have similar personality and temperament as the Pomeranian:
Other Breed Comparisons that Might Interest You
You may also be interested in how the Glen of Imaal Terrier and how the Pomeranian compares to other breeds. So, see below the comparison of the Glen of Imaal Terrier and of the Pomeranian to other breeds:
Glen of Imaal Terrier Versus Other Dog Breeds
Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Boykin Spaniel Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Labradoodle Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Maltese Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Bull Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Briard Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Komondor Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Mastiff Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Labradoodle Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pharaoh Hound Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Japanese Chin Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Bolognese Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pyrenean Mastiff Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Schnoodle Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Flat-Coated Retriever Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Shiranian Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Puli Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Bloodhound Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Akita Chow Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Great Dane Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Korean Jindo Dog Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Samoyed Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Norwegian Lundehund Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Irish Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Shih Tzu
Pomeranian Versus Other Dog Breeds
Pomeranian versus Bullmastiff Pomeranian versus Pointer Pomeranian versus Saint Bernard Pomeranian versus Yorkshire Terrier Pomeranian versus Wirehaired Pointing Griffon Pomeranian versus Pyredoodle Pomeranian versus Boxer Pomeranian versus Pekingese Pomeranian versus Affenhuahua Pomeranian versus Bernese Mountain Dog Pomeranian versus German Shorthaired Pointer Pomeranian versus Dalmatian Pomeranian versus Afador Pomeranian versus Pyrenean Mastiff Pomeranian versus Pomchi Pomeranian versus Skye Terrier Pomeranian versus American Eskimo Dog Pomeranian versus Ibizan Hound Pomeranian versus Papipoo Pomeranian versus Norwegian Buhund Pomeranian versus Border Collie Pomeranian versus Australian Kelpie Pomeranian versus Siberian Husky Pomeranian versus Whippet Pomeranian versus Bordoodle
Conclusion: Glen of Imaal Terrier versus Pomeranian. Which One is a Better Pet?
In summary, there is nothing like a better dog breed or a worse dog breed. The important question to ask is which dog breed better matches your interests and lifestyle. We hope our discussion above will help you in deciding which dog breed between the Glen of Imaal Terrier and the Pomeranian better suits you and your family.